Helen Keller Essay Example For Students

Helen Keller Essay Envision an existence without having the option to see or hear and not realizing how to speak with anybody around you. That universe of murkiness is the thing that Helen Keller lived in for a long time. Helen Keller has been a motivation to individuals since the time she turned six. From 1886-1960, she demonstrated herself to be an innovative and motivating lady of America. She was an essayist and instructor who battled for the privileges of distraught individuals everywhere throughout the world. Above all, she conquered her two most troublesome snags, being visually impaired and hard of hearing. Helen Keller gave her life to improving the training and treatment of the visually impaired, hard of hearing, and quiet and battling for minorities too. Miss Keller was one of the first to instruct the general population and make them mindful of perpetrated people potential. On account of her industriousness and quality, she is viewed as an imaginative and interesting soul by numerous individuals of the world, particularly the individuals who can identify with her physical hindrances. Helen Keller was brought into the world a sound kid. At the point when Helen was 19 months old, she turned out to be sick with what was known as intense blockage of the cerebrum and stomach; this is presently known as red fever. Therefore, she was left visually impaired, hard of hearing, and quiet. For a significant number of her prior years Helen lived in dimness with not many approaches to speak with others around her. Clearly her endeavors were not generally effective. At the point when she neglected to convey she would have tantrums and have upheaval that would disturb her, yet her family also. On account of these rough fits, she gave off an impression of being a boisterous youngster, however underneath the entirety of the disaster was a future persuasive figure that would astonish the world with stunning and innumerable capacities. A lot of Helens achievements would not have been conceivable on the off chance that it werent for her mom and father. Her folks read about Samuel Gridley Howes achievements with the hard of hearing and visually impaired at the Perkins Institution in Boston. With this information, her dad carried his girl to Alexander Graham Bell, a family companion who was notable in the public arena. Ringer was so captivated by multi year old Helen that he suggested that she contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston. Anne Sullivan, who was additionally an ongoing Perkins graduate, was recommended to be Helens instructor by Michael Anagnos. Michael Anagnos was the educator of Samuel Gridley Howe, a courteous fellow who was having incredible achievement working with the hard of hearing and visually impaired at Perkins (Notable 389). Helens most noteworthy motivation and deep rooted partner, Anne Sullivan, showed up at her home in Alabama in March of 1887. In only a little while, Helen discovered that everything had a name and that she could speak with others by utilizing the manual letters in order. Helen likewise found that she could utilize the manual letters in order and lip perusing to demonstrate her insight. The manual letters in order is a framework that contains 26 hand images, one for each letter of the letters in order. It is utilized to finger spell words. Following several months of training, she learned many new words. In July, only four months after Sullivans appearance, Helen had the option to think of her absolute first letter to her mom. Individuals around the globe were so flabbergasted by her achievements that her first life story was composed when she was just fourteen years of age (Ashby Orhn 190). After the previous triumphs, Helen and her instructor both left for the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston in 1888 to furnish Helen with progressively formal training. Helen and Miss Sullivan moved to New York in 1894 with the goal for Helen to learn at the Wright Humason School for the hard of hearing. .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .postImageUrl , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:visited , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:active { border:0!important; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:active , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b503810 1fb6b87dd0 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: My Academic Accomplishments EssayAnne fund-raised with the goal that her understudy could go to the Cambridge School for Young Ladies. In 1896, Helen started her investigations at Cambridge which included French, Greek, writing, arithmetic, topography, and history. She at that point proceeded to go to Radcliffe College in 1980. In 1904, she graduated cum laude and got her AB Degree (Notable 390). In addition to the fact that Helen helped the associations for the visually impaired, however she helped people also. Helen connected with assistance a youthful multi year old kid who, similar to her, was hard of hearing, visually impaired and q uiet. His name was Tommy Stringer. Helen persuaded Michael Anagnos to concede him into Perkins. She likewise raised a reserve for the little youngster. After some time, Helen has aggregated an enormous measure of grants. These honors include: Brazils Order of the Southern Cross, Japans Sacred Treasure, the Philippines Golden Heart, Lebanons Gold Medal of Merit, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The National Institute of Arts and letters chose her participation too. In 1952, during the Louis Braille Centennial Commemoration, Helen was made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor (Hero 2) She had at long last gotten all the acknowledgment and respect that she merited. Beside being one of the most punctual visually impaired, hard of hearing, and quiet individual to get dynamic in the public eye, Helen was likewise a creator. Her first collection of memoirs, The Story of My Life, was distributed in 1902 with the assistance of Ann Sullivan and John Macy. The Story of My Life turned into an overall hit and was converted into fifty dialects. Before she had even graduated school in 1903, Helen composed a 7,500-word exposition called Optimism. Positive thinking mirrored the decency that Helen found throughout everyday life. After she graduated in 1904, she turned out to be considerably progressively engaged with society. In 1906 Massachusetts initiated its State Commission for the Blind. Gov. Curtis Guild, Jr. delegated Helen to the commission (Notable 390). The World I Live In was distributed in 1909. It was an assortment of expositions about Helens view of her general surroundings. Likewise that year, she turned into an individual from the Socialist party. She was a forceful suffragist and favored solid and confident strategies. During this time she additionally advanced a material strike that occurred in Lawrence, Mass. The strike was driven my the Industrial Workers of the World. Being a communist made Helens life more rush and gave her life all the more a reason. Her convictions were reflected through her work of this period. In 1910 A Song of the Stone Wall was distributed. This devoted sonnet was 600 lines in length. This was the remainder of her incredible sonnets. It is said that, After Anne Sullivan and John Macys marriage finished Keller never again composed with such verse power, (Notable 390). Likewise, an assortment of communist papers entitled, Out of the Dark, was distributed in 1913. Helen got dynamic in governmental issues by and by when the President surrendered impartiality in World War I (Notable 391). She was against war and bolstered the Industrial Workers of the World by and by. Helen additionally started to help numerous different developments during this time, for example, the annulment of the death penalty and youngster work, the contraception development, and furthermore the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Her association with this specific gathering appeared to be the most dubious and it enraged her loved ones back in her home territory of Alabama. The American Foundation for the Blind was established in 1924 and approached Helen to help raise assets for the establishment. Helen consented to battle for the American Foundation for the Blind. She raised 2,000,000 dollars and spread open mindfulness (Briggs 307). In 1929, the second volume of her life account, Midstream: My Later Life, was distributed. Helen kept on changing the world during the 1930s. She started to encourage the general population in Washington for enactment for the visually impaired. She was very effective and got the Pratt bill passed. The Pratt bill gave government supported perusing administrations to the visually impaired. She additionally turned into the VP of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom I

Product and Purification and Infrared spectrum of trimyristin Essay Example

Item and Purification and Infrared range of trimyristin Essay Example Item and Purification and Infrared range of trimyristin Paper Item and Purification and Infrared range of trimyristin Paper Trimyristin is one individual from a class of triglycerides which is found in creatures greasy tissues and vegetable or marine oils. It can disintegrate in natural compound, for example, hot CH3)2CO promptly as it is a non-polar compound. After the segregation of tirmyristin from nutmeg seed by dissolvable extraction followed by recrystallizaiton, the present of utilitarian gatherings in natural atoms can be recognized by infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most valuable instruments accessible to the natural physicist as just little amount of test is required, the expense of the spectrometer is moderately little and the use of this strategy is wide. A particle is continually vibrating. Changes in vibrations of a particle are brought about by retention of infrared light. A specific piece of the infrared range is alluded to either by its frequency or its recurrence. Along these lines, infrared range is an exceptionally trademark property of a natural compound and can be utilized both to build up the character of two mixes and to uncover the structure of another compound. Limited quantity of initiated carbon is added to during the recrystallization so as to retain the shading inside the arrangement. From that point onward, it very well may be sift through by the fluted channel paper. Objective: To seclude trimyristin from nutmeg seed by dissolvable extraction To cleansed it by recrystallization. To acquire an infrared range of the detached trimyristin from the recrystallized trimyristin from the experiment. To study the distinction between the infrared range aftereffects of the confined trimyristin from explore 3 and the recrystallized trimyristin Materials and Methods Procedure for the separation trimyristin from nutmeg seed by dissolvable extraction. 15.13g of ground nutmeg seed, 40ml of CH3)2CO and five antibumping granules were put into a 100ml round base flagon. The ground glass joints of the 100-ml response cup and the external joint of the reflux condenser were greased up by Vaseline to forestall the glass joints from freezing together. The blend was then permitted to reflux for 15 minutes. Then, the warming mantle was turned off and the hot arrangement was sifted into a 100 ml cone shaped cup containing 15 ml CH3)2CO on a boiling water shower utilizing a hot stemless channel which was preheated to about 80?C and fitted with a fluted channel paper. The concentrates were permitted to cool in an ice shower until crystallization was finished while the strong material was separated by attractions filtration. Strategy for recrystallization The disengaged item from ex 3 was set in a 100ml cone shaped jar. At that point 30ml CH3)2CO and an extremely limited quantity of enacted charcoal were included. The blend was warmed in a high temp water shower. From that point onward, the arrangement was sifted and permitted to cool in an ice shower. The purged trimyristin precious stones were gathered by pull filtration. The weight and liquefying purpose of the item were additionally determined. Procedure for infrared spectroscopy. Around 15 to 20 mg of the recrystallized test was ground in an agate mortar, at that point a drop of the paraffin oil was included, and was ground for 2 to 5 minutes until a ponder was shaped. The ponder was moved to the base salt plate of a demountable cell. The top plate was then positioned and curved to circulate the example equitably and kill all air pockets and the range was run. Subsequent to running the example, the salt plates were cleaned off with a tissue paper soaked with CH3)2CO. The mechanical assembly for refluxing an answer is constantly left open to the climate during warming and is never stoppered supposing that the contraption is in a shut framework and the temperature of that framework is expanded, air will grow. Furthermore, the dissolvable will dissipate into gas so the weight inside will increment moreover. As the weight inside will proceed to increment and until the contraption can't stand the weight, the mechanical assembly will break and the arrangement may spread. That is the reason it is extremely perilous when warming in a shut framework. IR spectrum In our gathering, the IR range of recrystallized test was finished. In the range, there were a top at 1735.84cm-1 which showed the nearness of C=O bond,â peaks at about 1180cm-1 which demonstrated the nearness of C-O security and the top at 2842.67cm-1 to 2920cm-1 showed the nearness of aliphatic C-H bond. By contrasting the IR range of un-recrystallized test from the other gathering, comparable example of the range was gotten. Same practical gatherings were found in that example yet the transmittance of the recrystallized one was a lot of lower than the un-recrystallized one which showed that the virtue of the recrystallized test was higher. Wellspring of errors If the blend was warming under reflux for a really long time, different things may likewise remove. Additionally, there was loss of test during the exchange procedure as some strong would follow on the cups, Buchner channel or even the weighting bottle. A portion of the trimyristin may not totally break down in the hot CH3)2CO so less trimyristin was removed. As the dissolvability of trimyristin in hot CH3)2CO is a lot greater than in colder CH3)2CO, in the event that we dont channel rapidly subsequent to warming, the temperature would diminish and less trimyristin would be disconnected. For the IR range of the recrystallized test, some sharp superfluous pinnacles may show up in light of the CH3)2CO or different debasements as we utilized CH3)2CO to clean the plate which didn't vanish totally before we put them in the spectroscopy. Improvement For the immaculateness, we can rehash the procedure of recrystallization in spite of the fact that the yield may be brought down. In addition, the item could be permitted to dry in the attractions channel for additional time. Small measure of charcoal was included first, at that point warm the blend for some time if the yellow shading despite everything present, somewhat more charcoal is included as opposed to including a lot from the outset. For the reflux, it is preferred not reflux for progressively over 20 minutes. During reflux, the stand should shake tenderly so that the trimyristin can all the more likely break up in the hot CH3)2CO and should channel the arrangement as fast as conceivable in the wake of warming. At long last, sit tight for some time in the wake of cleaning the salts plates or contraption utilized for IR spectroscopy so the CH3)2CO can completely vanish all together not to meddle the outcomes.

Sleep is (not) for the weak

Sleep is (not) for the weak This post is brought to you by the 20 hours of sleep I got this weekend! Wait, thats a normal amount of sleep to get? Missed that memo. In all seriousness though, I actually do get sleep, usually about 6 7 hours a night. I know there are those people here that dont sleep, but I am not one of those. None of my close friends are, and I think those people that regularly pull all-nighters are crazy. As any neuroscientist (or your parents) will tell you, your brain does need sleep in order to function properly. When you dont get sleep at night, you end up falling asleep during the middle of the day, you dont absorb information as well when youre awake, and you might say or do some things that you might not under normal circumstances. This can be good if you are an extra imaginative type sleep deprived person like I was last Friday in working with my GEL team trying to solve different challenges in our Leadership Reaction Course lab that we did. The goal was to use the provided parts to make air cannon to get a ping pong ball to within a taped square on the other side of the gym. I dont suppose holding the PVC pipe like a gun/cannon is THAT creative, but I thought it was. Note my amused face in this picture. Or it can be bad when you realize that you said that the concentration of intracellular protein on your design project was 100mM instead of 100nM (something that I discovered on Saturday when showing the project to my friend). Not to worry, my MATLAB code has the right concentration in it, so hopefully my TAs dont think Im too stupid. The point here is that engineers need sleep, and they also need weekends, if not only to catch up on sleep. No matter how hectic my schedule is I always make time to hang out with my friends and maybe do a little self-reflection. I havent worked on anything the last couple of weekends, but my relaxedness has caused me to now be more on top of my stuff now than I have been all semester. If anyone tells you that less sleep will help, they are lying to you. At least try to take naps if youre stressing about making a deadline. I believe that the idea of engineers consistently not getting sleep is false. After all, there are only so many days I can get a less than optimal amount of sleep before my body revolts at me for being off schedule. A perfect example of that is one weekend freshman year, when I decided to stay up until 4am Saturday morning on the internet talking to my friends and then went to an all-day entrepreneurship workshop with guys from my fraternity (Alpha Delta Phi) that started at 8am. At approximately 8pm, I found myself without the energy to stand up anymore and fell asleep at a table in my wing lounge at Next House. When I finally got myself up, I hauled myself to my room at the end of the hall and proceeded to sleep for 12 hours. But going to that workshop and talking to my friends was completely worth it! Thus, I think its safe to say that I do my best to use my stock of all-nighters wisely. I have been on dates until sunrise, but Ive never tooled through the night without sleeping for a significant chunk of it. ;)

Merit 2 †Use different sociological perspectives to...

Merit 2 – Use different sociological perspectives to discuss patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. Distinction 1 - Evaluate different sociological explanations for patterns and trends of health and illness in two different social groups. There are many different factors that can increase your chance of becoming ill and dying. The different factors are social class, gender, age and ethnicity. The different social groups I will look at are social class and gender. I am going to look into how these affect health; I will also explain the pattern and trends. I am using gender because it fits in with the sociological perspective feminism and social class fits in with Marxism. Social class is how people†¦show more content†¦People that live in socially deprived areas are more likely to have mental illness, poverty, poor education and low socioeconomic status. This is mainly because of the conditions they have been brought up in and live in; if they lived in better conditions then they probably wouldn’t have health problems like this. The Marxist approach proves that the least deprived individuals are the ruling class and the most deprived individuals are in the working class. In the hierarchy Marxists believe that most of the deprived people shouldn’t have and education and they should be working in factories and other environments like this. Marxist know that the most deprived individuals work in poor conditions that could make them ill, people in the lower class don’t earn as much as a higher class would. This is because they are in the lower class and they live and work in poor conditions so they don’t need to earn as much. Marxists believe that the most deprived people shouldn’t have a good education and the least deprived people need more of an education so they can get into the better jobs. Least deprived people have more money and more control, Marxists are for this and would ratherShow MoreRelatedPatterns And Trends Regarding Health And Illness Vary Within Different Social Groupings759 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Patterns and trends regarding health and illness vary within different social groupings. For example, age and social class. Most people at retirement age are healthy and fit making valued contributions to society through paid work, volunteer work and by being a good citizen to society. However there are significant higher levels of illness in people over 75 due to their bodies being unable to function as well as it did as they age, therefore they are unlikely to receive as much exercise and freshRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesText  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Illustrations  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 All rights reserved. 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Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright  © 2007 by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran All rightsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespermission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Reducing Emotional Reasoning

When we enter colleges or universities, we notice the clean-up of words, ideas and subject matters that might cause discomfort or give an offence. For instance, colleges and universities are avoiding these due to how it may cause students to feel uncomfortable and offended by a word or phrases. However, there is a therapy that can help us treat this to avoid discomfort and also stop colleges from taking away the freedom of speech. Considering this matter, Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt argue in their essay â€Å"The Coddling of the American Mind,† in how to fix these situations that colleges and universities have. Both authors explain what colleges and universities should do to promote cognitive behavioral therapy while reducing emotional reasoning. This will benefit any college and university yet, there will be some disadvantages and obstacles to try to implement cognitive behavioral therapy. First of all, what is cognitive behavioral therapy? Cognitive behavioral therapy is a modern embodiment of this ancient wisdom (pg.9). It helps treat mental illness, depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and addictions. Furthermore, it is proven that this treatment teaches thinking skills that people can continue to use even after the therapy stops. Therefore, this therapy will guide people to view the world more accurately than, to see everything as an offense or a rude action. This therapy will reduce emotional reasoning with you not absorbing any type of negativity.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Adults Sexual Behavior1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe probability of sexual abuse among children or perpetration by shielding against risk. 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Commodifying Children Through Cartoon Free Essays

2. Abstract Cartoons are the most frequent, popular and easily accessible source of entertainment to children. Because in today‘s world cartoon industry is one of the most successful and bustling industries in the global market various multinational corporate companies using cartoon in order to attract and influence children to buy their commodity. We will write a custom essay sample on Commodifying Children Through Cartoon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The present study on ? Commodifying Children through Cartoon: An Anthropological Research on Bangladeshi Children living in Urban Area? ims to find out how various corporate and international company using cartoon to immerse young children with commodity and into popular culture and what kind of effects children show as they begin to associate themselves with more materialistic possessions. For gaining in-depth understanding of the situation several anthropological methods such as observation, informal interviews, Participatory Urban Appraisal, Focus Group Discussion, Questionnaire Survey will be carried out for this study and also Secondary data will be used to support the research study. From this study researcher is expecting to find out that there is a relationship between cartoon endorsement and children impulse buying. It means when a children sees a cartoon endorsed products he/she insists to buy the product. Key words: Cartoon, Children, Commodity, Impulse buying, Corporate Company, Popular culture, Globalization. 3. Introduction: In Today‘s World Consumerism is fundamental to society. The marketing industry is integral to the economy and includes countless businesses and corporations that compete vigorously to survive and increase profits. Therefore they must use marketing strategies that will convince people to buy their products. Over the years, marketing strategies have developed into complicated psychologically targeted persuasive techniques for persuading, manipulating, and altering consumer perceptions. Furthermore, as corporations have advanced their understanding of marketing, they have also begun to follow people‘s social trends and focus their attention on audiences that wield the most power and money. Over the years, this focus has turned toward children. Marketers now see children as potential and ucrative consumers who can be influenced through media to desire certain products and to either buy or persuade their parents to purchase for them. Because most of the children watch cartoon in their leisure time big corporate company are now using cartoon to sell their product. Over the last several years, child-directed advertising has grown exponentially. These increases indicate that corporations believe in their marketing strategies and therefore continue to invest in them to increase their profits. And for good reason: consumers respond. Children spend on average twenty hours in front of TV in a week and see hundreds of advertisement related to child product. In effect, previous researches have shown that when children reach first grade, they have received an average of 50 new toys a year and can recognize approximately 30 name brands. By age six, girls begin immersing themselves into popular culture, while boys already show interest in masculine commercials and violent video games. This immersion of young children into popular culture consequently has some startling effects as children begin to associate themselves with products and demand more materialistic possessions. There are a few grounds or open space left in urban area of Bangladesh in which children can play. As a result children are spending most of their time in home watching TV especially watching cartoon related program. As the numbers of channels have increased in the recent years so as the Cartoon and advertisement related to cartoon which have allowed the companies to directly access their desired target market. In Bangladesh – Cartoon Network, Disney, Nickelodeon, Pogo and Disney XD provide such platform to the companies to reach the children market. Marketers advertise their products through different cartoon characters and promoting different premium offers which make the children to buy these products instantly. Cartoon has become one of the main sources of their entertainment. Accordingly, the cartoon industry is one of the most successful and bustling industries in the global market. Because cartoon has become one the main source of entertainment all around the world various company using cartoon, cartoon characters to sell their product. Today every child is trying to emulate the characters from which they get inspired and pushing themselves to be like them in every manner. If we follow a routine of a child, we can clearly observe that a child wakes up in the morning wearing Disney character Pajamas, roll out of bed sheet having some licensed character on it, his toothbrush and everything covered in his favorite cartoon characters and even in his breakfast he eats up cake or cereal packed in some cute cartoon box. Strapping his Ben Ten backpack he moves to school but this commercialism even does not stop in school boundaries. In today‘s world kids have more independence in making their decisions as compared to the earlier generations and they can influence their parents to buy what they like. Parents are spending more on their children these days because they have more disposable income in their hand due to smaller family size and dual incomes. So marketers are trying to catch the attention of children using different means like cartoon, cartoon related figure and advertisement to increase sell. In this research, researcher will try to find out how various corporate and market oriented company using cartoon to immerse young children with commodity(=products) and into popular culture and what kind of effects as children begin to associate themselves with more materialistic possessions. Researcher will also try to show how corporate company using globalization (in this case especially cartoon industry) to their advantage to produce a popular culture in order to increase their product sell. The present research proposal is contented in the following way: In 1st part, abstract, introduction, and background of the study, in 2nd part, conceptual and theoretical framework, statement of the problem, objective of the study, rationale of the study and finally research methodology, time plan are discussed. 4. Problematization: Background of study and Literature Review: Today‘s children are the future of the tomorrow. So basically the future depend on how children grow up, that‘s why it‘s important to know what kind of environment they‘re living in and what kind of mentality they‘re developing. If they don‘t learn how to treasure various social and cultural norms including family and friendship and if they grow up in the world of falsehood and consumption there is a possibility that they will become a doll of the corporate world. Bangladesh has a population of 160 million and 73 million or 44 percent of the total populations are children. The total area of Bangladesh is 1,47,570 square km so it‘s a one of the densely populated area in the world. The urban area in Bangladesh is even more densely populated than the rural area and the numbers of urban people are increasing everyday as people from rural area coming to find a place to live in urban area. So there is a competition among people to occupy open space as there are almost no place left in residential area. As people occupying more and more open space and playground, children in urban area have few places left to play. They have to compete with each other to more and more to play in the ground. Therefore most of the children have no choice but to stay in the home and amuse themselves with electric media like TV, computer, video games etc. As the number of the channels grows in Bangladesh so are the cartoon channels. They spending countless hours in front of TV and watching various cartoons like Doraemon, Pokemon, Ben 10 just by clicking their remote control. Various corporate company now aware of the situation where children spend a substantial amount of their time watching cartoon and they‘re now trying to use cartoon to take advantage of children. Marketers now see children as potential and lucrative consumers who can be influenced through advertising media to desire certain products and to either buy or persuade their parents to purchase for them. So now they‘re promoting cartoon which will specifically endorse their commodity. Furthermore, children, unlike adults, do not have the critical thinking and analytical skills necessary to make informed decisions and analyze situations; thus they are more vulnerable to manipulations that could harm them. Now the situation is reaching an alarming stage. Children are very willing to buy and associated themselves more with the product that have their favorite cartoon character with it. They are now engulfing themselves in the sea of commodity without realizing it. Although it is natural for society‘s values to change, it is unacceptable that mass marketing and corporate manipulations force society in the direction of carelessness and superfluity. Children’s values are degrading into insignificance as they are manipulated into believing the messages corporations advertise. In the following section researcher will try to review some of the existing literature related to child consumerism and globalization. Born to Buy – Juliet B. Schor ?Born to Buy‘ is an excellent book written by Juliet B. Schor. This book is a major contribution to our understanding of a contemporary trend and its effects on the culture. Marketing targeted at kids is virtually everywhere — in classrooms and textbooks, on the Internet, even at Girl Scout meetings, slumber parties, and the playground. Product placement and other innovations have introduced more subtle advertising to movies and television. Drawing on her own survey research and unprecedented access to the advertising industry, Juliet B. Schor, examines how marketing efforts of vast size, scope, and effectiveness have created â€Å"commercialized children. Ads and their messages about sex, drugs, and food affect not just what children want to buy, but who they think they are. In this groundbreaking and crucial book, Schor looks at the consequences of the commercialization of childhood and provides guidelines for parents and teachers. Selling Out Childhood – Kiku Adatto In this article Kiku Adatto reveals that advertising for child ren has been changing rapidly. Where 25 years ago marketing children‘s products revolve around ? innocence of the child‘ now it is not selling innocence but the selling out of innocence. Today‘s advertisement and market strategy even involve teen nude and sexuality, Teen Vogue is the perfect example for this perspective. She shows how image especially photography‘s theme has change since World War 2 and how image carries subliminal message and how does corporate company use it to sell their product among children. When Childhood Gets Commercialized Can Childhood Be Protected? –Juliet B. Schor In this excellent article Juliet B. Schor shows how childhood is being commercialized through media ( TV, cinema, radio, advertisement, internet etc) and she also turn our attention to how corporate power spends billions of dollars to ommodify children, how this corporate company influence government to stop taking preventive public policy regarding child safety. Consuming Kids: The Hostile Takeover of Childhood – Susan Linn In Consuming Kids, psychologist Susan Linn takes a comprehensive and unsparing look at the demographic advertisers call â€Å"the kid market,† taking readers on a compelling and disconcerting journey through modern childhood as envisioned by commercial interests. Children are now the focus of a marketing maelstrom, targets for everything from minivans to M counting books. All aspects of children’s lives—their health, education, creativity, and values—are at risk of being compromised by their status in the marketplace. Globalization and Children: Exploring Potentials for Enhancing Opportunities in the Lives of Children and Youth. –Natalie Hevener Kaufman and Irene Rizzini In this book Natalie Hevener Kaufman and Irene Rizzini explore and explain how children have been excluded from our conceptualization of the world and our research about globalization. The contributors represent a variety of perspectives from different disciplines including anthropology, sociology, psychology, politics, international relations, law, and economics. Writers argued that Since today we look at the world from the vantage point and the sensibilities that came only through difficult conflicts about children and the meaning of childhood, unpacking those experiences will help us to better understand how other cultures are likely to react as their children become part of the forces altering the world everywhere today. Globalization (a Public Culture Book) – Arjun Appadurai Edited by Arjun Appadurai this book is a collection of essays which makes a striking intervention in the increasingly heated debates surrounding the cultural dimensions of globalization. This books includes discussions about what globalization is and whether it is a meaningful term. Seeking an alternative to the dead-end debate between those who see globalization as a phenomenon wholly without precedent and those who see it simply as modernization, imperialism, or global capitalism with a new face, the contributors seek to illuminate how space and time are transforming each other in special ways in the present era. They examine how this complex transformation involves changes in the situation of the nation, the state, and the city. While exploring distinct regions—China, Africa, South America, Europe—and representing different disciplines and genres—anthropology, literature, political science, sociology, music, cinema, photography—the contributors are concerned with both the political economy of location and the locations in which political economies are produced and transformed. Apparently all the literacy discussed earlier focus on how media and globalization affect children but they did not focus on the idea that there might be a relation between cartoon endorsement and impulse buying and how various corporate and international companies using cartoon to immerse children into popular culture so that children will associate themselves with commodity. 5. Conceptual and theoretical framework For this study researcher is going to use various theoretical concepts. These concepts are drawn from various theorists. Researcher is mainly going to use Karl Marx theory on Media and commodity and also Arjun Appadurai‘s concept of ? Globalization‘. First researcher is going to introduce and define the concept then researcher will try to show how they‘re related to each other and to the research problem and finally researcher will try justify why he‘s using these concepts. Cartoon: In this study researcher only going to refer certain type of shows as cartoon. Researcher define cartoon as, ? The two-dimensional illustrated visual art which is created to show on media (especially TV and internet) and supposedly to entertain children is called cartoon?. Researcher for the purpose of this study also called Japanese animation as cartoon. Biologically, a child (plural: children) is generally a human between the stages of birth and puberty. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as â€Å"a human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier†. Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as not able to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult. For this study researcher refers child as anyone whose age is between (3. 5-12) years. Children: Capitalism and Corporate Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic system that is based on private ownership of the means of production and the production of goods or services for profit. Other elements central to capitalism include Capital accumulation and often competitive markets. Corporate capitalism refers to a capitalist marketplace characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit. Commodification: By Commodification researcher refers to the process by which something which does not have an economic value is assigned a value and hence how market values can replace other social values. It describes a modification of relationships, formerly untainted by commerce, into commercial relationships in everyday use. Market: In capitalist society market is one kind of system where parties engage in exchange and usually these exchanges is conducted through money. There are usually two kinds of parties that mainly participate in market – 1. Buyer. 2. Seller Popular culture is a hopelessly commercial culture. It is mass produced for mass consumption. Its audience is a mass of non-discriminating consumers. The culture itself is formulaic, manipulative. It is a culture itself which is consumed with brain-numbed and brain-numbing passivity. Popular culture undermine folk culture in order to industrialized and commercialized society. Popular Culture: Globalization: Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that promote world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. For this the purpose of this study researcher going to mainly focus on effects of the first two aspect of globalization. By ? imagined world‘ researcher refer to the community of people where they belief to have same culture. An important fact of the world we live in today is that many persons on the globe live in such imagined ? worlds‘ and not just in local communities and thus are able to contest and sometimes even subvert the traditional or indigenous mentality that surround them. Imagined World: Mediascapes: ‘Mediascapes’ refer both to the distribution of the electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information (newspapers, magazines, television stations, film production studios, etc. ), which are now available to a growing number of private and public interests throughout the world and to the images of the world created by these media. These images of the world involve many complicated inflections, depending on their mode (documentary or entertainment), their hardware (electronic or pre-electronic), their audiences (local, national or transnational) and the interests of those who own and control them. What is most important about these mediascapes is that they provide (especially in their television, film and cassette forms) large and complex repertoires of narratives and images to viewers throughout the world, in which the world of commodity is produced. What this means is that many audiences throughout the world experience the media themselves as a complicated and interconnected repertoire of print, celluloid, electronic screens and billboards. As a result the lines between the ‘realistic’ and the fictional landscapes they see are blurred. Mediascapes ‘ produced by private company tend to be image-centered, narrative-based accounts of strips of reality, and what they offer to those who experience and transform them is a series of elements (such as characters, plots and textual forms) out of which scripts can be formed of imagined lives, their own as well as those of others living in other places. Karl Marx Marxist theory emphasizes the importance of social cla ss in relation to both media ownership and audience interpretation of media texts. Whilst content analysis and semiotics may shed light on media content, Marxist theory highlights the material conditions of media production and reception. Marxist ‘critical theory’ exposes the myth of ‘value-free’ social science. Marxist perspectives draw our attention to the issue of political and economic interests in the mass media and highlight social inequalities in media representations. Marxism helps to situate media texts within the larger social formation. Marxists view capitalist society as being one of class domination; the media are seen as part of an ideological arena in which various class views are fought out, although within the context of the dominance of certain classes; ultimate control is increasingly concentrated in monopoly capital; media professionals, while enjoying the illusion of autonomy, are socialized into and internalize the norms of the dominant or popular culture. Mass media research in this fundamentalist tradition interprets the ‘culture industries’ in terms of their economic determination. According to this view, ‘the contents of the media and the meanings carried by their messages are†¦ primarily determined by the economic base of the organizations in which they are produced’. Consequently, ‘commercial media organizations must cater to the needs of advertisers and produce audience-maximizing products. The base/superstructure model as applied to the mass media is associated with a concern with the ownership and control of the media. The ideological operation of the mass media in the West contributes to the reproduction of the capitalist system. Neo-Marxist stances have typically come to grant more active roles to audiences. As Curran et al. put it, whilst dominant meaning systems are seen as ‘molded and relayed’ by the mass media, they are also seen as ‘adapted by audiences and integrated into class-based or â€Å"situated† meaning systems’. Researcher found both traditional Marxism and Neo-marxism perspective useful. So researcher is going to use both perspectives simultaneously. Arjun Appadurai The central problem of today‘s global interactions is the tension between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization. A vast array of empirical facts could be brought to bear on the side of the ‘homogenization’ argument, and much of it has come from the left end of the spectrum of media studies and some from other, less appealing, perspectives. Most often, the homogenization argument subspeciates into either an argument about Americanization/globalization, or an argument about ‘commoditization‘, and very often the two arguments are closely linked. There will always be a fear in general public about cultural absorption or homogenization. The complexity of the current global economy has to do with certain fundamental disjunctures between economy, culture and politics. An important fact of the world we live in today is that many persons on the globe live in such imagined ‘ worlds’ and not just in imagined communities, and thus are able to contest and sometimes even subvert the ‘imagined worlds’ of the official mind and of the entrepreneurial mentality that surround. Because researcher‘s one of the main theme in this research is on about the effect of globalization and how corporate company use globalization to expand the range of their product sell researcher found that Arjun Appadurai‘s concept of ? Mediascapes? is very relevant to this research. The main form of entertainment for Bangladeshi children living in Urban Area is watching Cartoon. Because children rely on cartoon for entertaining purpose these cartoon are made in such a way that children are inspired to buy the commodity show in these cartoons. These types of cartoon shows are usually sponsored by corporate company. They use highly advanced market and advertising strategy in cartoons to sell their commodity among children and expand their market zone. These corporate companies use globalization in their favor and try to inject certain kind of notion in children which undermine tradition cultural value and encourage children to think that they belong to popular culture and to an imagined community- The community where the protagonist of the cartoon lives. Because children tend to think that they belong to popular culture and to an imagined community they tried to buy products that are shows in cartoons. So as we can see the main theoretical concept researcher using are related to each other in a deep level and they are also related to research problem. 6. Statement of the problem Cartoons are the most frequent and easily accessible source of entertainment which we provide to our children. With the vastness of media and extension of channels, it has become easier for children to watch their favorite cartoons on a single click and at he same time it has become more convenient for parents to provide children with this all-time favorite activity of theirs. Time which was previously spent by children in outdoor activities is now replaced, as now they can be found glued to the TV sets for long hours, peering at all sorts of cartoons, mostly without the supervision of elders who are mostly unaware that this might have certain effects on thei r psychological development later on displayed in their behavior patterns. Children‘s values are changing in accordance with the messages major corporations send through cartoon and its related advertising. Major corporations can use their power, money, and influence to sculpt society through advertisements and promote the value systems that will allow them to gain more profit by bombarding consumers with advertisements and connecting their products to certain feelings such as hipness or luxury. The strategy uses peer pressure and an acceptance factor to manipulate children into believing that if they buy product related to cartoon character they will be accepted. Advertisers use such connections to generate consumers‘ mental perceptions of their surroundings, which ultimately influences societal views. Adult consumers are less vulnerable to these advertisements and do not as readily modify their beliefs in accordance; young children, however, are more susceptible to their lure. Thus cartoon and its related advertisers persuade children to disregard their values and accept the new values that corporations formulate for them. Although all generations modify their values and beliefs, today’s society is accepting and glamorizing current beliefs that are not only superficial—they are immoral. These beliefs are immoral because they disregard the qualities that make people caring and involved. Instead individuals become obsessed with consumption and rashness. Although it is natural for society‘s values to change, it is unacceptable that mass marketing and corporate manipulations force society in the direction of carelessness and superfluity. Children’s values are degrading into insignificance as they are manipulated into believing the messages corporations advertise. Children are focusing more on materialism and forgetting and discrediting deeper, more intimate aspects of life such as family and friendship. Being a good person, being well-liked, being a good friend is no longer basic. Instead, consumerism has taken basic values of human goodness and warped them into being products in need of labels. To fit in and to be cool, children must wear certain brands or have a certain number of things. The evidence related to this issue is not hard to find. If we follow a routine of a child, we can clearly observe that a child wakes up in the morning wearing Disney character Pajamas, roll out of bed sheet having some licensed character on it, his toothbrush and everything covered in his favorite cartoon characters and even in his breakfast he eats up cereals packed in some cute cartoon box. Strapping his Ben Ten backpack he moves to school but this commercialism even does not stop in school boundary. Nowadays every food company is using some branded characters which gets associated with the company and hence promote the company name. The character of Doraemon is used to advertise the Prince‘s brand food product. Similarly KFC is using the character of Colonel Harland Sanders to promote its brand name. Most of the campaigns which became popular in children consisted of branded characters— characters which are used to promote the company products. There is a vast quantity of research that has been performed regarded children, some of them are -violence in mass media and their effects on children, psychological and behavior disorder in children watching TV- but there is not a single research has been done regarding how various corporate and international company using cartoon in their benefit to increase their product sell and also there is very little research has done in Bangladesh regarding this issue. This research will recommend strategies and measures, based on empirical findings, that will helpful to policy maker and law-enforcers to come up with new idea and law that will minimize the problem that have stated in this proposal and will also be helpful to parents who are most concern for their children. Hopefully this study will create some new perspective and knowledge that will help future researchers and educators in their studies. 7. Objectives of the study: The main objective of this study is to find out how various corporate and international companies using cartoon to immerse young children with commodity and into popular culture and what kind of effects children show as they begin to associate themselves with more materialistic possessions. The specific objectives of this study are to find out? how corporate company use cartoon to increase their product sell ? if there is a relation between cartoon endorsement and impulse buying. ? the effects of popular culture on children ? the effect of globalization on children 8. Rationale of the study: There is a vast quantity of research that has been performed regarded children. Children are frequently studied with regard to how the media influences. Most research in this area focuses on how television, movies, music, and video games affect children and adolescents, but relatively little research have been done on the link between cartoon endorsement and impulse buying and how various corporate and international company using cartoon to immerse young children with commodity and into popular culture and what kind of effects children show as they begin to associate themselves with more materialistic possessions. Also there is not a single piece of anthropological research has done in Bangladesh regarding how cartoon effect children mind‘s to buy more product. Based on empirical findings, the study will recommend strategies and measures that may be helpful to policy maker and law-enforcer to enforce laws that will minimize the problem and also to parents who are most concern for their children. 9. Research design and methods 9. 1 Assumptions about methodology: This study will follow a quantitative and quantitative research method by which the research will be completed systematically. Theoretically this study is based on Marxist media theory which highlights material conditions of media production and reception and Appadurai‘s concept of ? Mediascapes? which shed lights to how corporate company use globalization to expand the range of their product sell. So in the fieldwork, the relation between cartoon endorsement and children impulse buying, and the information about effects of media and globalization will be collected. Because this research problem is an observable phenomenon the researcher can assume that most of the research methodology that will be used in this research will rely on observation. . 2 Sources of Data: Collection of data is essential for any anthropological research. For the purpose of this study researcher will collect data from different sources which can be grouped into two categories: ? Primary Sources ? Secondary Sources 9. 2. 1. Primary Sources: Primary source of data will be collected for this research for the specific purpose of a ddressing the problem at hand. That means all data that researcher will collect date directly from children, their parents, market and advertising specialist and shopkeeper. 9. 2. 2 Secondary Sources: For this purpose of the research data will also be collected from the secondary sources such as various books, various journals, research works, government publications , census etc. 9. 3 Selection of the study area: 9. 3. 1 Researcher has choosen Mirpur Thana under Dhaka district as study area. There are several kindergarden, elementary schools and shopping malls located in Mirpur and it‘s easy to reach Mirpur because of the various transportation facilities. Mirpur is chosen because researcher will be able to visit different school, malls and neighborhoods pretty easily. . 4 Data Collection Form Primary Sources: 9. 4. 1. 1. Observation Observation is a well-defined methodological component in anthropology. It involves establishing rapport with the research population. The researcher will try to build close relationship with children, children‘s parents and shopkeepers who sells child product. Through observation researcher will try to see how child reacted to product wh ich is associated with their favorite cartoon character and their parent‘s reaction toward their children and shopkeeper strategy to attract children. 9. 4. 1. 2. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Focus group discussions will be held in the study area. The objective of these sessions is to collect appropriate and intensive information and create space for target people to discuss and explore issues pertinent to this research proposal. 9. 4. 1. 3. Case Study A case study involves the in depth study of a single example of whatever it is the researcher wishes to investigate. In this study, case study method will be used for focusing the data especially what parents have to say about their children behavior when it comes to the product related to cartoons. . 4. 1. 4. PUA (Participatory Urban Appraisal) This method is now popular in rural development sector. Because Participatory Urban Appraisal ? emphasizes local knowledge and enables local people to make their own analysis of the problems they face and to identify their own solutions? this tool will help research to find out parents strategies regarding how they cope with their child‘s unreaso nable pester for buy commodity and how they plan to discourage children from buying product. 9. 4. 1. 5. Questionnaire Survey This method is an appropriate method to get the required information. A set of questionnaire will be prepared to conduct the field survey. In the present study data will be collected from structured questionnaire. 9. 4. 1. 6. Field Notes: Taking field notes is a field technique which allows researchers to produce a lot of data. During the fieldwork the researcher will keep a notebook which will record a lot of data. 9. 4. 1. 7. Tape Recording: There will be a lot of information that might not be possible to write down on the spot. In this situation the researcher will use tape recorder to record the information. 9. 4. 1. 8. Visual Technique: Different visual techniques such as taking picture, diagram, or video clips will be used to collect data and later explaining situation. For this purpose researcher will use a video camera. 9. 4. 2 Sample Size and Selection of Sample: 9. 4. 2. 1. It is important to select that population which share common characteristics so researcher will select middle and lower middle class children of age ranging from 3. 5 to 12 years as the spend most of their time in front of TV. The sample size of the questionnaire survey will include three kinder garden schools and 30 households 9. 5 Data Analysis and Report Preparation: 9. 5. 1. After completion of the initial search, the materials will be screened and preliminarily data will be sorted out on the basis on broad subjects. Each document will be summarized with a view to eliciting the major findings. 9. 6. Scope and limitation of the proposed research: 9. 6. 1 There will be limited time for this study which will not allow the researcher to study most of the children living in the Mirpur. There is a strong possibility that researcher will get bias response in some of the answers although care will be taken to word when selecting question. A few quantitative findings may have to be drawn on selfestimated data, which may not be very reliable. 10. Timeframes: Activities Fieldwork (Data Collection from primary secondary sources) Data Processing Data Analysis Writing Revision for submission Print bind Submit Month May/2013 May/2013 May/2013 May/2013 May/2013 June/2013 Date 1-18 19-22 23-25 26-29 30-31 1st June How to cite Commodifying Children Through Cartoon, Essay examples

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SEMINARSKI RAD IZ FILOZOFIJE TEMA: O SAMOUBOJSTVU, DAVID HUME UCENICE: Nikolina Sandrk i Vesna Sabo Virovitica, 15. Veljaca 2011. Katolicka klasicna gimnazija s pravom javnosti u Virovitici Samoubojstvo je s v jesa n i namjeran cin oduzimanja vlastitog zivota. Oko pitanja zivota uvijek su se vodile velike rasprave i to je pitanje oduvijek privlacilo veliku pozornost ljudi. Drugi filozofi o samoubojstvu: Toma Akvinski protivi se samoubojstvu i eutanaziji jer s kodi drugim ljudima i ugro z ava B oz ji autoritet nad z ivotom Thomas Moore u " Utopiji ' navodi : " Neizljec ive bolesnike bri z no njeguju . Ali ako je bolest ne samo neizljeciva vec i puna trajne patnje i tjeskobe tada svecenici i vlast nagovaraju covjeka govoreci mu da vi s e nije kadar vr s iti du z nost z ivota . I neka se odluci ne trpiti pogubnu bolest . I videci da mu z ivot nije ni s ta drugo nego muka nece se protiviti vec ce radije u dobroj nadi osloboditi sama sebe te muke ili dobrovoljno dopustiti da ga drugi od toga izbave ." Platon je vjerovao da je samoubojstvo opcenito kukavicki i nepravedno , ali bi bilo eticki prihvatljivo ako bi osoba imala nemoralan I nepopravljiv karakter , ucinila necasan cin ili izgubila kontrolu nad svoj im djelima zbog tuge ili patnje . Stoici su poznati po izreci :' Ako je so ba umjereno zadimljena ostat cu , ako je previ s e dima otici cu . Zapamti to i cvrsto se dr z i toga, vrata su uvijek otvorena .' Takodjer su smatrali samoubojstvo herojskom alternativom besmislenom z ivotu . Seneka pi s e da je bolje ubiti se nego gledati sebe onemocana , z iva , a vec mrtva . Kant: " Samoubojstvo vrijedja moralnu odgovornost " Samoubojstvo je jedan od najosobnijih cinova, medjutim on nikako nije samo osobni cin, tice se cijelog drustva. Emil Durkheim, sociolo g kaze da je samoubojstvo najosobniji cin koji je drustveno odredjen. Drustvene sile (drustvene cinjenice)- odredjuju vjerojatnost da ce osoba pociniti samoubojstvo. To su : religija, obiteljski odnosi, rat i mir, ekonomska kriza. Durkheim razlikuje cetiri tipa samoubojstva: EGOISTICNO SAMOUBOJSTVO stupanj solidarnosti : nizak drustvena situacija : nedostatna integracija (snaga poveezanosti pojedinca s drustvom) psiholosko stanje: apatija, depresija primjeri: samoubojstva protestanata i samaca ANOMICNO SAMOUBOJSTVO stupanj solidarnosti: nizak drustvena situacija: nedostatna regulacija (kontrola individualnih zelja i poriva) psiholosko stanje : iritacija, frustracija primjeri: samoubojstva tijekom ek. krize, ili razvoda brakova ALTRUISTICNO SAMOUBOJSTVO stupanj solidarnosti : visok drustvena situacija : pretjerana integracija psiholosko stanje : energicnost, strast primjeri : samoubojstva u primitivnim drus t vima, medju vojnicima FATALISTICNO SAMOUBOJSTVO stupanj solidarnosti : visok drustvena situacija : pretjerana regulacija psiholosko stanje : prihvacanje, rezignacija primjeri : samoubojstva robova Filozofija nudi nadmocni protuotrov nad praznovjerjem i laznom religijom. Hume praznovjerje naziva ' kuzna bolest'. Protiv praznovjerja ne moze ni zdrav razum. Tu imamo mnostvo primjera iz povijesti, gdje su ljudi obdareni najvecim sposobnostima cucali u ropstvu praznovjerja. Praznovjerje nestaje tek onda kada pouzdana filozofija stekne vlast nad umom. Praznovjerje je utemeljeno na pogresnom mnijenju,a nestaje cim istinita filozofija udahne valjanijim osjecajima vise moci. Praznovjernom covjeku je i spavanje predmet novog straha,jer nocno vidjenje shvaca kao proricanje buducih nesreca. Smrt je tu kao kraj bijede, no ne mozemo je izrealizirati zbog straha prema Stvoritelju. Praznovjerje zajedno sa prirodnom strasljivoscu pred smrcu uzima nadmoc ljudima nad zivotom. Hume zeli povratiti ljudima prirodnu slobodu ispitujuci sve uobicajene argumente protiv suicida. Time zeli pokazati da suicid ne predstavlja krsenje nase duznosti prema Bogu. Bozja providnost svime upravlja pomocu opci h i nepromjenjivih zakona. Nema ni jedan dogadjaj koji bi bio izuzet iz opcih zakona koji upravljaju svemirom. Bogu je sve jednako vazno,svaki proces. Covjekov zivot iako je nama od velike vaznosti, nema nikakvu vecu vaznost od zivota kamenice. Ocuvanje zivota moze biti krivicno isto kao i unistenje zivota, jer se u oba slucaja remeti prirodni tok. David Humme smatra kako covjek moze pociniti samoubojstvo kada on to pozeli. G ovori o bezgranicnom pouzdavanju ljudi u Providnost. Pomalo je ironican. P rema shvacanju svijeta postupci ljudi predstavljaju djelovanja Svemoguceg. N adalje , govori o tome da je krivicno da tudji zivot dovodi u opasnost ili da njime raspolaze. Smatra kako